Ìåòòüþ Á. Áðàóí
Ïåðåâåðíóòûå çâåçäû íà õðàìàõ ÑÏÄ
Íåêîòîðûå èç ÿðûõ êðèòèêîâ Öåðêâè Èèñóñà Õðèñòà Ñâÿòûõ ïîñëåäíèõ äíåé çàÿâëÿþò, ÷òî ïåðåâåðíóòûå ïÿòèêîíå÷íûå çâåçäû, óêðàøàþùèå íåñêîëüêî õðàìîâ ÑÏÄ, ÿâëÿþòñÿ îêêóëüòíûìè èëè äàæå ñàòàíèíñêèìè ïî ñâîåé ïðèðîäå. Ýòè êëåâåòíèêè òàêæå äîêàçûâàþò, ÷òî, ïîñêîëüêó ó÷åíèêè Èèñóñà Õðèñòà íèêîãäà íå èñïîëüçîâàëè ýòîò 'çëîâåùèé' ñèìâîë â ïðîøëîì, òî áåççàñòåí÷èâàÿ äåìîíñòðàöèÿ åãî Öåðêîâüþ ÑÏÄ ÿâëÿåòñÿ åùå îäíèì äîêàçàòåëüñòâîì, ÷òî "ìîðìîíû" íå ÿâëÿþòñÿ õðèñòèàíàìè./1/ Ýòè îáâèíåíèÿ ëåãêî ìîãóò áûòü îòêëîíåíû ñ ïîìîùüþ âíèìàòåëüíîãî ðàññìîòðåíèÿ èñòîðè÷åñêèõ ñâèäåòåëüñòâ.
Ðàííèå Ñâÿòûå ïîñëåäíèõ äíåé
Ïðîðîê Äæîçåô Ñìèò èíôîðìèðîâàë Óèëüÿìà Óèêñà (William Weeks), ñëóæèâøåãî àðõèòåêòîðîì õðàìà â Íàâó, ÷òî îí âèäåë ýòî ñòðîåíèå â âèäåíèè /2/ è íàìåðåâàåòñÿ ïîñòðîèòü åãî â ñîîòâåòñòâèè ñ "îáðàçöîì", êîòîðûé áûë ïîêàçàí./3/ Óîíäë Ìåéñ (Wandle Mace), ðàáîòàâøèé áðèãàäèðîì ïî îòäåëêå âñåãî õðàìà Íàâó, îïèñûâàåò óâèäåííûé Ïðîðîêîì â âèäåíèè îáðàçåö. Îí ðàññêàçûâàåò: "Åãî àðõèòåêòóðíîå óñòðîéñòâî íå áûëî ïîõîæå íè íà ÷òî ñóùåñòâóþùåå; îíî áûëî àáñîëþòíî îðèãèíàëüíûì, ïðåäñòàâëÿÿ Öåðêîâü, Íåâåñòó, æåíó Àãíöà. Èîàíí Îòêðîâèòåëü â 12 ãëàâå è ïåðâîì ñòèõå [êíèãè Îòêðîâåíèå] ãîâîðèò: "È ÿâèëîñü íà íåáå âåëèêîå çíàìåíèå: æåíà, îáëå÷åííàÿ â ñîëíöå; ïîä íîãàìè åå ëóíà, è íà ãëàâå åå âåíåö èç äâåíàäöàòè çâåçä". Ýòî ïðîäåìîíñòðèðîâàíî â ïðåêðàñíîé ðåçüáå ïî êàìíþ ýòîãî âåëè÷åñòâåííîãî õðàìà"./4/
Çâåçäíûå êàìíè õðàìà Íàâó ÿâëÿþòñÿ óíèêàëüíûìè, òàê êàê èõ íèæíèå ëó÷è óäëèíåíû. Òîò æå ñàìûé ñòèëü çâåçä áûë èñïîëüçîâàí äëÿ óêðàøåíèÿ áàøåí õðàìà â Ëîãàíå. Äæåéìñ À. Ëåéøìàí (James A. Leishman), ïðèñóòñòâîâàâøèé â 1880 ãîäó, êîãäà îäèí èç çâåçäíûõ êàìíåé ñîõðàíèëñÿ íà ñâîåì ìåñòå íà âîñòî÷íîé áàøíå Ëîãàíñêîãî õðàìà, ðàññêàçûâàåò î ñèìâîëè÷åñêîì çíà÷åíèè, êîòîðîå óñìàòðèâàëè â íèõ ñâÿòûå XIX âåêà. Îí ñêàçàë: "Íà çàìêîâîì êàìíå àðêè âûðåçàíà ïðåêðàñíàÿ çâåçäà, íàçûâàåìàÿ Óòðåííåé Çâåçäîé, êîòîðàÿ, íàõîäÿñü íà âûñîòå, ñìîòðèòñÿ åùå áîëåå ðåëüåôíî â ëó÷àõ âîñõîäÿùåãî ñîëíöà"./5/
Èíòåðåñíî îòìåòèòü, ÷òî ïîñëå òîãî, êàê Èîàíí Îòêðîâåòåëü óâèäåë â âèäåíèè æåíùèíó, ïðåäñòàâëÿþùóþ íåáåñíóþ Öåðêîâü, îí òàêæå óñëûøàë, êàê Èèñóñ Õðèñòîñ íàçâàë Ñåáÿ - "çâåçäà ñâåòëàÿ è óòðåííÿÿ"./6/ Ïèñàíèÿ ðàííèõ ñâÿòûõ ïîñëåäíèõ äíåé ïîäòâåðæäàþò, ÷òî îíè ðàññìàòðèâàëè Èèñóñà Õðèñòà, êàê Çâåçäó Óòðåííþþ /7/, è ðàññêàçûâàëè òàêæå, ÷òî äëÿ íèõ çâåçäà, ïðåäâåùàþùàÿ ðàññâåò (Âåíåðà), ñëóæèëà è ïðåäâîçâåñòíèöåé òûñÿ÷åëåòíåãî ïåðèîäà, êîãäà Ñïàñèòåëü áóäåò ëè÷íî öàðñòâîâàòü íà Çåìëå.  1840 ãîäó Ïàðëè Ï. Ïðàòò (Parley P. Pratt) èç Êâîðóìà Äâåíàäöàòè Àïîñòîëîâ ïèñàë â öåðêîâíîé ïåðèîäèêå:
Now the bright and morning Star
Spreads its glorious light afar
Kindles up the rising dawn
Of that bright Millennial morn. /8/
(Íûí÷å Çâåçäà ÿðêàÿ è óòðåííÿÿ
Äàëåêî ïðîñòèðàåò ñâîé ñâåò,
Çàæèãàÿ ðàññâåò
Òîãî ÿðêîãî Òûñÿ÷åëåòíåãî óòðà.)
Èòàê, åùå äî òîãî, êàê Õðàì â Íàâó íà÷àëè âîçâîäèòü, ñâÿòûå ïîñëåäíèõ äíåé ðàññìàòðèâàëè Óòðåííþþ Çâåçäó êàê Òûñÿ÷åëåòíþþ Çâåçäó /9/ è àññîöèèðîâàëè åå ñ Ãîñïîäîì Èèñóñîì Õðèñòîì. Íå óñìàòðèâàÿ â íåé íè÷åãî çëîâåùåãî, Ïðåçèäåíò Áðèãàì ßíã êîììåíòèðîâàë: "Ýòè 'çâåçäû' [ñìîãóò] äîáàâèòü ê êðàñîòå õðàìà [Íàâó]". /10/
Êàê òîëüêî Áðèãàì ßíã ïðèâåë ñâÿòûõ â äîëèíó Ñîëåíîãî îçåðà, îí ðåøèë óêðàñèòü õðàì â Ñîëò-Ëåéê ñèìâîëàìè òîãî æå òèïà, êîòîðûå óêðàøàëè ñíàðóæè õðàì Íàâó, íî ñ íåêîòîðûìè èçìåíåíèÿìè. Ðàííèå àðõèòåêòóðíûå ÷åðòåæè äëÿ õðàìà â Ñîëò-Ëåéê (1854 ãîä) ïîêàçûâàþò, ÷òî èçíà÷àëüíî ïëàíèðîâàëîñü ïðèìåíèòü äèçàéí ñ óäëèíåííûìè çâåçäàìè /11/, íî, â êîíöå êîíöîâ, áûëî ðåøåíî, ÷òî ëó÷è çâåçä áóäóò îäèíàêîâîé äëèíû. Íåñìîòðÿ íà ýòî ðåøåíèå, â 1859 ãîäó Ïðåçèäåíò ßíã óêðàñèë Îðëèíûå Âðàòà (Eagle Gate), âåäóùèå íà ïðèíàäëåæàùóþ åìó òåððèòîðèþ, çâåçäîé ñ óäëèíåííûì ëó÷îì, äèçàéíà èç õðàìà â Íàâó. /12/
Êóëüòóðíûé êîíòåêñò
Ñëåäóåò îòìåòèòü, ÷òî â òå÷åíèå æèçíè Äæîçåôà Ñìèòà è Áðèãàìà ßíãà ïåðåâåðíóòàÿ ïÿòèêîíå÷íàÿ çâåçäà èñïîëüçîâàëàñü â àìåðèêàíñêîì îáùåñòâå áåç êàêîé-ëèáî àññîöèàöèè ñ îêêóëüòèçìîì èëè ñ ñàòàíîé. Íåêîòîðûå àíòèìîðìîíû ìîãóò áûòü øîêèðîâàíû, êîãäà óçíàþò, ÷òî ñ 1777 ïî 1876 ãîäû íà ðàçëè÷íûõ àìåðèêàíñêèõ ôëàãàõ ïðèñóòñòâîâàëè ïåðåâåðíóòûå ïÿòèêîíå÷íûå çâåçäû. Îñîáûé èíòåðåñ ïðåäñòàâëÿåò ôëàã "Âåëèêàÿ Çâåçäà", ðàçâåâàâøèéñÿ ñ 1837 ïî 1845 ãîäû. Íà ýòîì ôëàãå ïðåäñòàâëåíà áîëüøàÿ ïðÿìîñòîÿùàÿ çâåçäà â öåíòðå ñèíåãî ïîëÿ, îêðóæåííàÿ ìíîãî÷èñëåííûìè ìåíüøèìè çâåçäàìè, îáðàçóþùèìè îäíó ãðîìàäíóþ ïåðåâåðíóòóþ çâåçäó. /13/
Òàêæå ñóùåñòâåííûì äëÿ äàííîé äèñêóññèè ÿâëÿåòñÿ òîò ôàêò, ÷òî â 1861 ãîäó ïåðåâåðíóòàÿ çâåçäà íà÷àëà ïîÿâëÿòüñÿ íà óíèôîðìå Ìîðñêîé Àâèàöèè Ñîåäèíåííûõ Øòàòîâ. Çàòåì, â 1862 ãîäó, áûëî ïðèíÿòî ðåøåíèå, ÷òî ïåðåâåðíóòàÿ çâåçäà ñòàíåò õàðàêòåðíîé äåòàëüþ Ìåäàëè Ïî÷åòà Ìîðñêîé Àâèàöèè. Ñåãîäíÿ ýòîò äèçàéí ÿâëÿåòñÿ ÷àñòüþ Ìåäàëè Ïî÷åòà äëÿ Àðìèè, Âîåííî-ìîðñêîãî Ôëîòà è Âîåííî-âîçäóøíûõ Ñèë. /14/
Ðàííèå Õðèñòèàíå
Íåêîòîðûå êðèòèêè âåðû ÑÏÄ íàñòîé÷èâî çàÿâëÿþò, ÷òî õðèñòèàíå íèêîãäà íå èñïîëüçîâàëè ïåðåâåðíóòóþ ïÿòèêîíå÷íóþ çâåçäó â êà÷åñòâå ñèìâîëà. Íî ýòî íåïðàâäà. Ðàííèå õðèñòèàíå âåðèëè, ÷òî Èèñóñ Õðèñòîñ áûë "Çâåçäîé", êîòîðàÿ, êàê ïðîðî÷åñòâîâàëîñü, äîëæíà âîññòàòü èç äîìà Èçðàèëåâà. /15/
Ïîñëå 312 ãîäà ïî ÐÕ èìïåðàòîð Êîíñòàíòèí ðàçìåñòèë íà îäíîé ñòîðîíå ñâîåé îôèöèàëüíîé öàðñêîé ïå÷àòè êðåñò Chi-Rho, - ñèìâîë, êîòîðûé, êàê îí çàÿâëÿë, îí âèäåë â âèäåíèè, - à íà äðóãîé ñòîðîíå - ïåðåâåðíóòóþ ïÿòèêîíå÷íóþ çâåçäó. /16/
Ïîêà îñòàåòñÿ íåèçâåñòíûì, ïî÷åìó Êîíñòàíòèí ðåøèë ñêîìáèíèðîâàòü êðåñò Õðèñòà ñ ïåðåâåðíóòîé ïÿòèêîíå÷íîé çâåçäîé, íî âñå æå èíòåðåñíî îòìåòèòü, ÷òî îôèöèàëüíàÿ ïå÷àòü ãîðîäà Èåðóñàëèìà ñ 300 ïî 150 äî ÐÕ òàêæå ñîäåðæàëà ïåðåâåðíóòóþ ïåíòàãðàììó. /17/ Âåðîÿòíî, èìååòñÿ ñâÿçü ìåæäó ýòèìè äâóìÿ ïå÷àòÿìè, òàê êàê Èåðóñàëèì áûë ìåñòîì ðàñïÿòèÿ Èèñóñà Õðèñòà.
Äðóãîé ïðèìåð ïåðåâåðíóòîé çâåçäû, ñâÿçàííîé ñ õðèñòèàíñêèì êðåñòîì, ìîæíî óâèäåòü â ïàïêå ñ ÷åðòåæàìè àðõèòåêòîðà ïî èìåíè Âèëëàðä äå Õîííåêîðò (Villard de Honnecourt) 1230 ãîäà ïî ÐÕ. Ýòîò ÷åëîâåê, òðóäèâøèéñÿ äëÿ Öèñòåðöèàíñêîãî ìîíàøåñêîãî îðäåíà, íàðèñîâàë â ñâîåì àëüáîìå "ñêèíèþ", êîòîðàÿ îãîðàæèâàåò ïåðåâåðíóòóþ çâåçäó ñ óäëèíåííûì íèæíèì ëó÷îì. /18/ Ýòà öåðêâóøêà óâåí÷àíà òðåìÿ Ãîëãîôñêèìè êðåñòàìè, ÷òî ïîäðàçóìåâàåò ïðèìåíåíèå ïåðåâåðíóòîé çâåçäû â êà÷åñòâå îðòîäîêñàëüíîãî õðèñòèàíñêîãî ñèìâîëà.
Åñòü òàêæå è äðóãèå ïðèìåðû, ñâÿçàííûå ñ ãëàâíûì íàïðàâëåíèåì Õðèñòèàíñòâà. Íàïðèìåð, â öåíòðå ðîçû îêíà ñåâåðíîãî íåôà Àìüåíñêîãî Êàôåäðàëüíîãî Ñîáîðà âî Ôðàíöèè èìååòñÿ îãðîìíàÿ è èçûñêàííî âûðåçàííàÿ ïåðåâåðíóòàÿ çâåçäà. /19/
Ýòîò äîì ïîêëîíåíèÿ áûë ïîñòðîåí ìåæäó 1220 è 1410 ãîäàìè ïî ÐÕ., è, íåñîìíåííî, òå, êòî âîçâîäèë åãî, áûëè ïðèçíàíû ó÷åíèêàìè Èèñóñà Õðèñòà. Ðàâíî, êàê è æèòåëè Ãàííîâåðà, Ãåðìàíèÿ, êîòîðûå åùå â ÷åòûðíàäöàòîì âåêå ïîìåñòèëè îãðîìíóþ ïåðåâåðíóòóþ (è âïèñàííóþ â îêðóæíîñòü) ïÿòèêîíå÷íóþ çâåçäó íà øïèëü ñâîåé Marktkirche, èëè Ðûíî÷íîé Öåðêâè. /20/
Åùå ìîæíî íàáëþäàòü ìíîãî÷èñëåííûå ïåðåâåðíóòûå çâåçäû, îêðóæàþùèå ñòàòóþ Ìàðèè è Ìëàäåíöà Õðèñòà â Øàðòðñêîì Êàôåäðàëüíîì ñîáîðå (ïðèìåðíî 1150 ãîä ïî ÐÕ). Çà÷åì äðåâíèå õðèñòèàíå ïîìåùàëè ýòîò ñèìâîë â òàêîì áëèçêîì ñîñåäñòâå îò Ñïàñèòåëÿ, åñëè îí áûë ñèìâîëîì çëà?
Î÷åâèäíî, ÷òî àíòèìîðìîíû íå ìîãóò èãíîðèðîâàòü ðàííåå õðèñòèàíñêîå èñêóññòâî, èçîáðàæàþùåå Âèôëååìñêóþ Çâåçäó ("Çâåçäó íà Âîñòîêå") â âèäå ïåðåâåðíóòîé ïåíòàãðàììû. Ñïëåòåííàÿ çâåçäà, èçîáðàæåííàÿ â "Òðåáíèêå Áåðòîëüäà", ìîæåò ïîñëóæèòü, â ÷àñòíîñòè, ïðåâîñõîäíûì ïðèìåðîì. Òðåáíèê áûë îôîðìëåí â àááàòñòâå Áåíåäèêòèíöåâ â Âàéíãàðòåíå, Ãåðìàíèè ãäå-òî ìåæäó 1200 è 1232 ãîäàìè ïî ÐÕ. /21/ Äðóãóþ ïåðåâåðíóòóþ ðîæäåñòâåíñêóþ çâåçäó ìîæíî óâèäåòü â ëåïíîé êàïèòåëè ìîíàñòûðñêîé êîëîííû äâåíàäöàòîãî âåêà. /22/
×òî îçíà÷àëà äëÿ ðàííèõ õðèñòèàí ïåðåâåðíóòàÿ ïÿòèêîíå÷íàÿ çâåçäà? Êëþ÷ ìîæíî íàéòè â íåêîòîðûõ ïðîèçâåäåíèÿõ èñêóññòâà Ãðå÷åñêîé è Ðóññêîé Ïðàâîñëàâíîé öåðêâåé.  íåñêîëüêèõ èçîáðàæåíèÿõ, èëëþñòðèðóþùèõ Ãîðó Ïðåîáðàæåíèÿ, ðàçëè÷íûå õóäîæíèêè ýòèõ äåíîìèíàöèé ðèñîâàëè Èèñóñà Õðèñòà, ñòîÿùåãî ïåðåä áîëüøîé ïåðåâåðíóòîé ïÿòèêîíå÷íîé çâåçäîé. Íåêîòîðûå ýòè çâåçäû áûëè ñ óäëèíåííûì íèæíèì ëó÷îì. /23/ Àïîñòîë Ïåòð ãîâîðèë î òðåõ àïîñòîëàõ, êîòîðûå áûëè ñâèäåòåëÿìè ïðåîáðàæåíèÿ íà ýòîé ãîðå, ãäå ïîëó÷èëè "âåðíåéøåå ïðîðî÷åñêîå ñëîâî" è, áëàãîäàðÿ ýòîìó, "day star" (ïåðåâîä Áèáëèè êîðîëÿ Èàêîâà) âçîøëà â èõ ñåðäöàõ. /24/  Ñèíîäàëüíîì ïåðåâîäå ýòîò ñòèõ óïîìèíàåò "day star" êàê "óòðåííþþ çâåçäó". /25/
Ïåðåâåðíóòàÿ çâåçäà è äüÿâîë
Êàêèì îáðàçîì äðåâíèé õðèñòèàíñêèé ñèìâîë ñòàëè àññîöèèðîâàòü ñ ñàòàíîé, ãëàâíûì âðàãîì Èèñóñà Õðèñòà? Îêàçûâàåòñÿ, ÷åëîâåêîì, êîòîðûé âïåðâûå ôîðìàëüíî ñâÿçàë ýòîò ñèìâîë ñ âðàãîì, áûë ôðàíöóç ïî èìåíè Àëüôîíñ Ëóè Êîíñòàí (Alphonse Louis Constant - 1810-1875). Îí áûë ïîñâÿùåí â äüÿêîíû Ðèìñêîé Êàòîëè÷åñêîé öåðêâè â 1835 ãîäó, íî âûíóæäåí áûë îòêàçàòüñÿ îò ñâîåãî ïëàíà ñòàòü ñâÿùåííèêîì íà ñëåäóþùèé ãîä, òàê êàê áûë ðàññòðèæåí. Ýòî ðàäèêàëüíîå äåéñòâèå áûëî ïðåäïðèíÿòî ïðîòèâ Àëüôîíñà, èáî îí ñåðüåçíî óâëåêñÿ èçó÷åíèåì îêêóëüòèçìà.
 êîíöå êîíöîâ Àëüôîíñ ðåøèë âçÿòü ñåáå ïñåâäîíèì (Ýëèôàñ Ëåâè Çàõåä - Eliphas Levi Zahed) è íàïèñàòü êíèãó íà îêêóëüòíûå òåìû.  ñâîèõ ïèñàíèÿõ Àëüôîíñ çàÿâëÿë, ÷òî çíàêîì ñ ðèòóàëîì â Äåíü Èñêóïëåíèÿ, ñèìâîëîì ãðåõà âî âðåìÿ êîòîðîãî ñëóæèëè êîçëû, /26/ è êîãäà îí îïóáëèêîâàë ñâîþ ïåðâóþ êíèãó â 1854 ãîäó, òî ïðèìåíèë ýòîò áèáëåéñêèé îáðàç, ÷òîáû ïíóòü Ðèìñêóþ Êàòîëè÷åñêóþ öåðêîâü.  ýòîé êíèãå îí íàïå÷àòàë ðèñóíîê ðóêè ñâÿùåííèêà, èçîáðàæàþùåãî "çíàê îòëó÷åíèÿ", è îôîðìèë åãî òàê, ÷òî åãî òåíü âûãëÿäåëà êàê äåìîíè÷åñêàÿ êîçëèíàÿ ãîëîâà è åäâà î÷åð÷åííûé êîíòóð ïåðåâåðíóòîé ïÿòèêîíå÷íîé çâåçäû. /27/
Ïåðâûé ñëó÷àé, êîãäà Àëüôîíñ ñâÿçàë â ñâîèõ òðóäàõ ïåðåâåðíóòóþ ïÿòèêîíå÷íóþ çâåçäó, êîçëà è ñàòàíó, ïðîèçîøåë â êíèãå, îïóáëèêîâàííîé èì â 1855 ãîäó /28/, à ïåðâûé ðàç, êîãäà îí ñäåëàë èçîáðàæåíèå, èëëþñòðèðóþùåå ñâÿçü ìåæäó ñàòàíîé è ïåðåâåðíóòîé çâåçäîé, áûë â êíèãå, êîòîðóþ îí âûïóñòèë â 1861 ãîäó. /29/
Íåñìîòðÿ íà òî, ÷òî Åëèôàñ Ëåâè ñ÷èòàåòñÿ ïåðâûì ÷åëîâåêîì, êîòîðûé ñâÿçàë ïåðåâåðíóòóþ ïÿòèêîíå÷íóþ çâåçäó ñ ñàòàíîé, îäèí êîììåíòàòîð ñäåëàë òàêîå âàæíîå íàáëþäåíèå: "Ïåðåâåðíóòàÿ ïÿòèêîíå÷íàÿ çâåçäà ñ ëó÷îì, óêàçûâàþùèì âíèç, ïåðâîíà÷àëüíî íå èìåëà äåìîíè÷åñêîãî çíà÷åíèÿ, íî â òå÷åíèå ñòîëåòèé îøèáî÷íî ñ÷èòàëîñü, ÷òî îíà ñèìâîëèçèðóåò çëî". /30/
Çàêëþ÷åíèå
Èíôîðìàöèÿ, ïðåäñòàâëåííàÿ â ýòîì äîêëàäå, ïðèâîäèò ê çàêëþ÷åíèþ, ÷òî Ñâÿòûå ïîñëåäíèõ äíåé íå ìîãóò áûòü ëèøåíû ïðàâà íàçûâàòüñÿ õðèñòèàíàìè òîëüêî ïîòîìó, ÷òî îíè èñïîëüçóþò ñèìâîë, èñòîðèÿ êîòîðîãî íåïîíÿòíà äëÿ àíòèìîðìîíîâ.
Ïåðåâåðíóòàÿ ïÿòèêîíå÷íàÿ çâåçäà èìåëà ñâÿùåííîå çíà÷åíèå ñðåäè äðåâíèõ õðèñòèàí, è òàêîå æå ñâÿùåííîå çíà÷åíèå ñðåäè Ñâÿòûõ ïîñëåäíèõ äíåé.
Ðåêîìåíäóåìàÿ ëèòåðàòóðà
* Barker, Marilyn C. The Legacy of Mormon Furniture. Salt Lake City: Gibbs-Smith, 1995, 22.
* Brown, Matthew B. Symbols in Stone: Symbolism on the Early Temples of the Restoration. American Fork, Utah: Covenant Communications, 1997, 102-103, 113-114.
* Quispel, Gilles. The Secret Book of Revelation. London: Collins, 1979, 44.
* Wilson, Christopher. The Gothic Cathedral, 1130-1530. London: Thames and Hudson, 1990, 195.
Ïðèìå÷àíèÿ
1.  1985 ãîäó öåðêîâíûé àðõèòåêòîð Ýìèëü Á. Ôåòöåð (Emil B. Fetzer) ðàññêàçûâàë, ÷òî ïåðåâåðíóòûå çâåçäû íà ïåðâûõ õðàìàõ ÑÏÄ áûëè íå çëîâåùèìè, íî "ñèìâîëèçèðîâàëè Õðèñòà". Îí ãîâîðèë, ÷òî èñïîëüçîâàíèå Öåðêîâüþ ÑÏÄ "ïåíòàãðàììû èëè ñîëíå÷íîãî êàìíÿ â âîñõèòèòåëüíîì è âîçâûøåííîì êîíòåêñòå, íå ìåøàåò äðóãèì îðãàíèçàöèÿì èñïîëüçîâàòü òå æå ñèìâîëû â çëîâåùåíì çíà÷åíèè" (The Public Forum, Salt Lake Tribune, 13 November 1985, A-15.)
2. Ñì. ÓèÇ. 124:42.
3. "Ýòèì âå÷åðîì Ñòàðåéøèíà Óèëüÿì Óèêñ (êîòîðîãî ÿ íàíÿë â êà÷åñòâå àðõèòåêòîðà õðàìà) ïðèøåë çà èíñòðóêöèÿìè. ß äàë åìó íàñòàâëåíèÿ ïî ïîâîäó êðóãëûõ îêîí, ïðåäíàçíà÷åííûõ îñâåùàòü êîìíàòû äëÿ îáðÿäîâ çà óìåðøèõ ñî ñâîäà ìåæäó ýòàæàìè. Îí ñêàçàë, ÷òî êðóãëûå îêíà â øèðîêîé ñòîðîíå çäàíèÿ áûëè íàðóøåíèå âñåõ èçâåñòíûõ ïðàâèë àðõèòåêòóðû, è íàñòàèâàë, ÷òî îíè äîëæíû áûòü ïîëóêðóãëûìè - ÷òî çäàíèå áûëî ñëèøêîì íèçêèì, ÷òîáû äåëàòü êðóãëûå îêíà. ß ñêàçàë åìó, ÷òî õîòåë áû èìåòü êðóãëûå, åñëè åìó äàæå ïðèäåòñÿ ñäåëàòü õðàì íà äåñÿòü ôóòîâ âûøå, ÷åì èçíà÷àëüíî ïëàíèðîâàëîñü; ÷òî îäíîé ëàìïû â öåíòðå êàæäîãî êðóãëîãî îêíà áóäåò äîñòàòî÷íî, ÷òîáû îñâåòèòü âñþ êîìíàòó; ÷òî êîãäà âñå çäàíèå áóäåò îñâåùåíî òàêèì îáðàçîì, ýôôåêò áóäåò ÷ðåçâû÷àéíî âåëè÷åñòâåííûì. 'ß õî÷ó, ÷òîáû Âû äîâåëè äî êîíöà ìîè çàìûñëû. ß âèäåë â âèäåíèè âåëèêîëåïíûé âíåøíèé âèä ýòîãî îñâåùåííîãî çäàíèÿ, è õî÷ó, ÷òîáû îíî áûëî ïîñòðîåíî ïî îáðàçöó, ïîêàçàííîìó ìíå'." [Joseph Smith, History of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, Vol. 6 (Salt Lake City: Deseret Book Company, 1978), 196-197, êóðñèâ äîáàâëåí]. ßñíî, ÷òî Ïðîðîê âèäåë â âèäåíèè äåòàëè ñèìâîëîâ, êîòîðûìè îí óêðàñèë õðàì Íàâó. Äæîçèÿ Êóèíñè (Josiah Quincy) ñâèäåòåëüñòâîâàë: "Íåäàëåêî îò âõîäà â õðàì ìû ïðîøëè ìèìî ÷åëîâåêà, òðóäÿùåãîñÿ íàä îãðîìíûì ñîëíöåì, êîòîðîå îí âûðåçàë â ïðî÷íîì êàìíå… 'Ãåíåðàë Ñìèò', - ñêàçàë ÷åëîâåê, îòâëåêàÿñü îò ñâîåãî çàíÿòèÿ, - 'ïîõîæå ëè ýòî íà òî ëèöî, êîòîðîå Âû âèäåëè â âèäåíèè?' 'Î÷åíü ïîõîæå', - îòâåòèë ïðîðîê" [Josiah Quincy, Figures of the Past From the Leaves of Old Journals (Boston: Roberts Brothers, 1883), 389, êóðñèâ äîáàâëåí].
4. Wandle Mace, Autobiography, 207, Special Collections, Harold B. Lee Library, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah, êóðñèâ äîáàâëåí. Äæîçåô Ñìèò îòêðûë ñâÿçü ìåæäó íåáåñíîé æåíùèíîé è Öåðêîâüþ â ñâîåì ïåðåâîäå Áèáëèè. Îí èçìåíèë Îòê. 12 ñòèõè 1 è 7 òàêèì îáðàçîì: "È ÿâèëîñü íà íåáå âåëèêîå çíàìåíèå â ïîäîáèè âåùåé çåìíûõ: æåíà, îáëå÷åííàÿ â ñîëíöå; ïîä íîãàìè åå ëóíà, è íà ãëàâå åå âåíåö èç äâåíàäöàòè çâåçä… [Ý]òà æåíà… áûëà Öåðêîâü Áîæèÿ" (ÏÄÑ Îòêðîâåíèå 12:1, 7). Íîâûé Çàâåò ññûëàåòñÿ íà íåáåñíóþ Öåðêîâü, êàê íà "öåðêîâü ïåðâåíöåâ" (Åâð. 12:23), è êîãäà Äæîçåô Ñìèò îáúÿñíÿë òàèíñòâà, êîòîðûå äîëæíû áûòü âûïîëíÿåìû â õðàìå Íàâó, òî ñêàçàë, ÷òî îíè îòíîñÿòñÿ íåïîñðåäñòâåííî ê "Öåðêâè Ïåðâåíöà" (Smith, History of the Church, Vol. 5, 1-2). Ñòàðåéøèíà Ôðàíêëèí Ä. Ðè÷àðäñ ãîâîðèë, ÷òî ýòà æåíà, "îáëå÷åííàÿ â ñîëíöå", ññûëàåòñÿ íà òî, ÷òî îíà "îáëå÷åíà â ñâîè öàðñòâåííûå îäåÿíèÿ Ñâÿùåíñòâà" [Collected Discourses, edited by Brian H. Stuy (Burbank, California: B.H.S. Publishing, 1987-1992), 4:374.] Ñðàâíèòå ñî ñòàðûì ôëþãåðîì õðàìà â Íàâó [â âèäå àíãåëà, îáëå÷åííîãî â ñâÿùåííè÷åñêèå îäåÿíèÿ]. Ñòèõîòâîðåíèå îá Óòðåííåé Çâåçäå - îïóáëèêîâàíî â Millennial Star â 1843 ãîäó - ñîåäèíÿåò ýëåìåíòû "Óòðåííÿÿ Çâåçäà", "Òûñÿ÷åëåòíÿÿ Çâåçäà" è "Æåíèõà", ãðÿäóùåãî, ÷òîáû îáâåí÷àòüñÿ ñî Ñâîåé Íåâåñòîé (Millennial Star, vol. 4, no. 7, November 1843, 112). Èç âûøåóïîìÿíóòîãî ÿñíî, ÷òî ñîëíöå, ëóíà è çâåçäû íà õðàìå â Íàâó íå ñèìâîëèçèðóþò òðè óðîâíÿ ñëàâû. Îíè íå ðàñïîëîæåíû â âîñõîäÿùåì ïîðÿäêå âîçíàãðàæäåíèé, ïîëó÷àåìûõ ïîñëå âîñêðåñåíèÿ (çâåçäû [òåëåñòèàëüíîå], ëóíà [òåððåñòðèàëüíîå], ñîëíöå [öåëåñòèàëüíîå]), íî, ñêîðåå, â êîñìîëîãè÷åñêîì ïîðÿäêå, êàê îíè âèäèìû ñ Çåìëè (ëóíà, ñîëíöå, çâåçäû).
5. Deseret Evening News, vol. 13, no. 228, 20 August 1880, 3. Àðõèòåêòóðíûé íàáðîñîê ïåðâîíà÷àëüíîãî ôàñàäà õðàìà â Íàâó ïîêàçûâàåò, ÷òî íà ðàííèõ ñòàäèÿõ ñòðîèòåëüñòâà äèçàéíåðû ïëàíèðîâàëè ðàçìåùàòü íà íåì ïåðåâåðíóòûå çâåçäû ñ ðàâíîâåëèêèìè ëó÷àìè íà êâàäðàòíûõ êàìíÿõ. Ïî ðàçìåðó ýòè çâåçäû ñîâïàäàþò ñ òåìè, ÷òî íàõîäÿòñÿ â êðóãëûõ âèòðàæíûõ îêíàõ.
×åðåç êàêîå-òî âðåìÿ áûëî ðåøåíî, ÷òî çâåçäíûå êàìíè áóäóò ïðÿìîóãîëüíûìè ïî ôîðìå, è àðõèòåêòîð ïåðåñìîòðåë ôîðìó çâåçä, ÷òîáû íèæíèé è äâà âåðõíèõ ëó÷à áûëè óäëèíåíû. Ýòà êîíôèãóðàöèÿ ìîãëà áûòü ñâÿçàíà ñî ñòðî÷êàìè:
The bright and morning Star
Spreads its glorious light afar
(Times and Seasons, vol. 1, no. 7, May 1840, 111). Òî÷íî òàê æå åå ìîæíî ñîîòíåñòè ñî ñòèõîòâîðåíèåì Ïàðëè Ï. Ïðàòòà, êîòîðîå íàçûâàåòñÿ "The Morning Star" è ãîâîðèò:
Lift up your heads-behold from far
A flood of splendor streaming!
It is the bright and Morning Star
In living lustre beaming"
(Millennial Star, vol. 4, no. 7, November 1843, 112).  êîíöå êîíöîâ áûëî ðåøåíî, ÷òî òîëüêî íèæíèé ëó÷ çâåçäû áóäåò óäëèíåí. Âíèìàòåëüíûé íàáëþäàòåëü îòìåòèò, ÷òî çâåçäíûå êàìíè õðàìà â Íàâó ðàñïîëîæåíû ïðÿìî íàä èçîáðàæåíèÿìè "âîñõîäÿùåãî" èëè óòðåííåãî ñîëíöà (Smith, History of the Church, Vol. 7, 323-324), à óäëèíåííûé ëó÷ êàæäîé çâåçäû îáðàùåí ê ñîëíöó, áóäòî çâåçäà çàèìñòâóåò ñâîé ñâåò èç ýòîãî èñòî÷íèêà (òî÷íî, êàê Âåíåðà / Óòðåííÿÿ Çâåçäà çàèìñòâóåò íà ñàìîì äåëå).
6. Îòêðîâåíèå 22:16.
7. Ñì. Messenger and Advocate, vol. 1, no. 10, July 1835, 160.
8. Times and Seasons, vol. 1, no. 7, May 1840, 111. Íåêîòîðûå àíòèìîðìîíû çàÿâëÿþò, ÷òî Äæîçåô Ñìèò 'óêðàë' ïåðåâåðíóòóþ çâåçäó ó ìàñîíîâ. Îäíàêî Îðäåí Âîñòî÷íîé Çâåçäû, ïðèìåíèâøèé ïåðåâåðíóòóþ ïÿòèêîíå÷íóþ çâåçäó â êà÷åñòâå ñâîåãî ñèìâîëà, íå áûë îðãàíèçîâàí Ðîáåðòîì Ìîððèñîì (Robert Morris) âïëîòü äî 1850 ãîäà - ãîðàçäî ïîçæå ñìåðòè Äæîçåôà Ñìèòà.
9. Ãàçåòà Evening and Morning Star âïåðâûå áûëà îïóáëèêîâàíà â èþíå 1832 ãîäà.  áðîøþðå, ïðåäâàðÿþùåé ýòî èçäàíèå (íàïèñàííîé â ôåâðàëå 1832 ãîäà), Ó. Ó. Ôåëïñ (W.W. Phelps) çàÿâëÿåò, ÷òî Âå÷åðíÿÿ Çâåçäà áûëà "ïðåäøåñòâåííèöåé íî÷è ïî îêîí÷àíèþ" òåêóùåãî ïåðèîäà, à Óòðåííÿÿ Çâåçäà - "ïîñëàííèöåé äíÿ èñêóïëåíèÿ" èëè äíÿ Òûñÿ÷åëåòíåãî. Áîëåå òîãî, îí ñêàçàë, ÷òî åãî ãàçåòà áóäåò "çàèìñòâîâàòü ñâîé ñâåò" êàê çàèìñòâóåò åãî Âåíåðà (Âå÷åðíÿÿ è Óòðåííÿÿ Çâåçäà). Îí òàêæå óïîìÿíóë "äîì Ãîñïîäåíü" èëè õðàì â ýòîé áðîøþðå (Times and Seasons, vol. 5, no. 14, 1 August 1844, 609-611). Âî âñòóïèòåëüíîì âûïóñêå ýòîé ãàçåòû Ñòàðåéøèíà Ôåëïñ ïîäòâåðäèë åå ñâÿçü ñ Òûñÿ÷åëåòèåì (ñì. Evening and Morning Star, vol. 1, no. 1, June 1832, 6). Ïàðëè Ï. Ïðàòò ñâÿçûâàë "óòðåííþþ çâåçäó" è "óòðî" Òûñÿ÷åëåòèÿ â 1837 ãîäó (Messenger and Advocate, vol. 3, no. 28, January 1837, 448). Îí ïðîäîëæàë ïðîñëåæèâàòü ýòó ñâÿçü, êîãäà íàïèñàë â áðîøþðå Millennial Star: "Äîëãàÿ íî÷ü ìðàêà ïðîøëà íûíå - èñòèíà âîññòàíîâëåíà â ñâîåé èçíà÷àëüíîé ïðîñòîòå è ÷èñòîòå, ïîäîáíî óòðåííåé çâåçäå íà ãîðèçîíòå, îñâåùàåò òî ëó÷åçàðíîå óòðî, êîãäà ïîçíàíèå Áîæüå ïîêðîåò çåìëþ, êàê âîäû ïîêðûâàþò ìîðå". Çàòåì îí íàïèñàë î "ñêèíèè Áîãà è Åãî ñâÿòèëèùå [, êîòîðîå] áóäåò ñ ÷åëîâåêîì ñðåäè ñâÿòûõ ãîðîäîâ" (Millennial Star, vol. 1, no. 1, May 1840, 1, 9-10, êóðñèâ äîáàâëåí; öèòèðóåòñÿ ïî Smith, History of the Church, Vol. 4, 145, footnote.). Ìîæíî îòìåòèòü çäåñü, ÷òî â íåêîòîðûõ ïåðåâîäàõ Åêêëåçèàñòà 50:5-7 (òàêæå íàçûâàåìîì Áåí Ñèðà èëè Êíèãà Ñèðàõà) èìååòñÿ ñâÿçü ìåæäó Óòðåííåé Çâåçäîé è äðåâíèì õðàìîì Èçðàèëÿ (îäèí èç íèõ ñì. â The Contributor, vol. 3, no. 2, November 1881, 55).
10. Ñìèò, History of the Church, Vol. 7, 401.
11. Àðõèòåêòóðíûé ÷åðòåæ Òðóìàíà Î. Ýíæåëà (Truman O. Angell) 1854 ãîäà, èçîáðàæàþùèé âîñòî÷íóþ ñòîðîíó õðàìà â Ñîëò-Ëåéê, íàõîäèòñÿ â ïîñòîÿííîé ýêñïîçèöèè Ìóçåÿ Èñòîðèè è Èñêóññòâà Öåðêâè ÑÏÄ. Òàì âèäíû îäíà ïåðåâåðíóòàÿ ïÿòèêîíå÷íàÿ çâåçäà ìåæäó äâóìÿ ïðÿìûìè ïÿòèêîíå÷íûìè çâåçäàìè â âåðõíåé ÷àñòè âûñîêèõ îêîí. Îáà ýòèõ òèïà çâåçä áûëè â êîíöå êîíöîâ âîïëîùåíû â êàìåííîé ðåçüáå (ïðÿìûå çâåçäû íà áàøíÿõ, à ïåðåâåðíóòûå íà ãëàâíîì çäàíèè õðàìà), à èõ ëó÷è áûëè âûðîâíåíû ïî äëèíå. Îòìåòüòå, ÷òî íîâûé õðàì â Íàâó äåêîðèðîâàí è ïðÿìûìè, è ïåðåâåðíóòûìè ïÿòèêîíå÷íûìè çâåçäàìè; êàê è áàøíÿ Ñêèíèè Ñâ. Äæîðäæà (ìàëåíüêàÿ ïåðåâåðíóòàÿ çâåçäà è öåíòðå áîëüøîé ïðÿìîé çâåçäû); êàê è â äîìå ñîáðàíèé 1-ãî Çàïàäíîãî è 9-ãî Þæíîãî ïðèõîäîâ Ñîëò-Ëåéê-Ñèòè; êàê è â Ñêèíèè Êîàëâèëÿ.
12. Òðóìàí Î. Ýíæåë áûë àðõèòåêòîðîì Îðëèíûõ Âðàò. Òàê êàê îí ðàáîòàë àðõèòåêòîðîì ïðè âîçâåäåíèè õðàìîâ â Íàâó, Ëîãàíå è Ñîëò-Ëåéê-Ñèòè, òî áûëî áû ëîãè÷íûì îæèäàòü ïîÿâëåíèÿ ïåðåâåðíóòûõ è óäëèíåííûõ çâåçä íà Îðëèíûõ Âðàòàõ, êîòîðûå íåñëè áû òî æå çíà÷åíèå, ÷òî è õðàìîâûå çâåçäû. Îðëèíûå Âðàòà ïîêàçûâàþò òðè ñèìâîëà - îðëà, óëåé è ïåðåâåðíóòóþ çâåçäó â íèæíèì óäëèíåííûì ëó÷îì. Ðàííèå ñâÿòûå âîñïðèíèìàëè îðëà â êà÷åñòâå ñèìâîëà "àìåðèêàíñêîé ñâîáîäû" [Parley P. Pratt, The Autobiography of Parley P. Pratt (Salt Lake City: Deseret Book Company, 1985), 149]. Óëåé, êîí÷åíî æå, ïðåäñòàâëÿë òåððèòîðèþ "Äåçåðåòà" (ñì. Åôåð 2:3) - êîòîðûé ðàññìàòðèâàëñÿ ñâÿòûìè, êàê "öàðñòâî Áîæüå" íà Çåìëå [Heber C. Kimball, "Organization, Etc.," Journal of Discourses, reported by G.D. Watt 2 August 1857, Vol. 5 (London: Latter-Day Saint's Book Depot, 1858), 129; Heber C. Kimball, "Correction, Etc.," Ibid., 164-165].  1849 ãîäó íåêîòîðûå èç ñâÿòûõ óêðàñèëè ôëàã óëüåì - ýìáëåìîé ïðåäïîëàãàåìîãî "øòàòà Äåçåðåò" - è ñîâìåñòèëè åãî ñ "âîñõîäÿùåé çâåçäîé". Òîãäà áûë ïðîâîçãëàøåí òàêîé òîñò: "Ïóñòü ýòà íîâàÿ çâåçäà Äåçåðåò áóäåò êàê çâåçäà Âèôëååìñêàÿ, ïóòåâîäèòåëåì äëÿ íàðîäîâ" [B.H. Roberts, A Comprehensive History of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, Vol. 3 (Provo, Utah: Brigham Young University Press, 1965), 434]. Îðñîí Ô. Óèòíè (Orson F. Whitney) ïðîâîäèë ñâÿçü ìåæäó "âîñõîäÿùåé…çâåçäîé" è "Äåçåðåòîì" (The Contributor, vol. 11, no. 3, January 1890, 120), êàê è Äæåäåäèÿ Ì. Ãðàíò, íî îí îñîáåííî ñâÿçûâàë "Äåçåðåò" ñ âîñõîäÿùåé "day star" - òî åñòü Óòðåííåé Çâåçäîé (The Contributor, vol. 4, no. 9, June 1883, 324). Ëþáîïûòíî è, íàâåðíîå, çíà÷èòåëüíî, ÷òî îäèí èç ðåïîðòåðîâ óçíàë ó "ìèñòåðà Óèëüÿìà Óèêñà", ÷òî ëóíû íà ïèëÿñòðàõ õðàìà Íàâó "ïðåäñòàâëÿþò âîñõîäÿùóþ Ëóíó â åå ïåðâîé ÷åòâåðòè" (Springfield Republican, Springfield, Massachusetts, 19 October 1844). Äðóãîìó æóðíàëèñòó áûëî ñêàçàíî, ÷òî ñîëíöå íà õðàìå Íàâó áûëî "âîñõîäÿùèì ñîëíöåì" (Globe, Wahington, D.C., 19 November 1844). Ñëåäîâàòåëüíî, õðàì â Íàâó áûë äåêîðèðîâàí âîñõîäÿùèì ñîëíöåì, âîñõîäÿùåé ëóíîé è âîñõîäÿùåé çâåçäîé (ñðàâíèòå ñ Èñàéÿ 60:1; ÓèÇ. 115:5-6).
13. Íåêîòîðûå èç ðàííèõ àìåðèêàíñêèõ ôëàãîâ, íà êîòîðûõ âñå çâåçäû èçîáðàæåíû ïåðåâåðíóòûìè (êàê òîò, ÷òî ðàçâåâàëñÿ ïðè Êîìàíäîðå Ìýòòüþ Ïåððè â 1854 ãîäó), ñâÿçàíû ñ Ìîðñêîé Àâèàöèåé. Ýòî ìîæåò îêàçàòüñÿ ñóùåñòâåííûì, èáî â äðåâíèå âðåìåíà "Ìîðñêàÿ Çâåçäà" èíîãäà èçîáðàæàëàñü â âèäå ïåðåâåðíóòîé ïåíòàãðàììû. Äëÿ èëëþñòðàöèè ñ 1533 ãîäà ïî ÐÕ, ñì. Harold Bayley, The Lost Language of Symbolism (London: Williams and Norgate, 1912), 1:257.
14. Ñì. Above and Beyond: A History of the Medal of Honor from the Civil War to Vietnam, ïîä ðåäàêöèåé Gordon Hardy (Boston: Boston Publishing, 1985), 124.
15. Ñì. ×èñëà 24:17. " õðèñòèàíñêèõ ïèñàíèÿõ Ìåññèÿ ðàññìàòðèâàåòñÿ â ñèìâîëèêå çâåçäû èç ×èñåë 24:17 (êàê è â Ìåññèàíñêîé Àíòîëîãèè, íàéäåííîé â Ñâèòêàõ Ìåðòâîãî ìîðÿ)" [Michael Green, The Second Epistle General of Peter and the General Epistle of Jude (Grand Rapids, Michigan: Eerdmans, 1987), 99]. Íåêîòîðûå èç èóäååâ äðåâíåãî ìèðà ãîâîðèëè, ÷òî "Çâåçäà" èç ×èñåë 24:17 "ýòî Ìåññèÿ" (Rabbi Sohar Cadash [14th century], vol. 85, c. 340). Àïîêðèôè÷åñêîå Ñâèäåòåëüñòâî Èóäû (4:24) ïîâåñòâóåò îá ýòîé "Çâåçäå", ÷òî Îí áóäåò íàéäåí "õîäÿùèì ñ ñûíàìè ÷åëîâå÷åñêèìè â êðîòîñòè è ïðàâåäíîñòè, è íè îäíîãî ãðåõà íå áóäåò íàéäåíî â Íåì". Àëôðåä Ýäåðøàéì (Alfred Edersheim) îòìå÷àåò, ÷òî "òàê íàçûâàåìàÿ Messiah Haggadah (Aggadoth Mashiach èëè Ìåññèàíñêîå ïðåäàíèå) íà÷èíàåòñÿ òàê: 'Çâåçäà âçîéäåò îò Èàêîâà [×èñ. 24:17]. Èìååòñÿ ðàñïðîñòðàíåííîå òîëêîâàíèå Ìóäðåöîâ [êîòîðîå ãëàñèò î] ñåäüìèöå, âî âðåìÿ êîòîðîé ïðèäåò Ñûí Äàâèäîâ… [È ñêàçàíî, ÷òî] â ïÿòóþ [ñåäüìèöó áóäåò] âåëèêîå èçîáèëèå è Çâåçäà âîññèÿåò ñ Âîñòîêà, è ýòî - Çâåçäà Ìåññèè. È îíà âîññèÿåò ñ Âîñòîêà íà ïÿòíàäöàòü äíåé'." [Alfred Edersheim, The Life and Times of Jesus the Messiah (Grand Rapids, Michigan: Eerdmans, 1971), 1:211-212, êóðñèâ äîáàâëåí]. "Íàøè Ðàââèíû", - óòâåðæäàåò òåêñò, íàïèñàííûé îêîëî 1760 ãîäà ïî ÐÕ., - "èìåþò òðàäèöèþ, ÷òî â òó íåäåëþ, êîãäà áóäåò ðîæäåí Ìåññèÿ, ïîÿâèòñÿ ÿðêàÿ Çâåçäà íà âîñòîêå, êîòîðàÿ åñòü Çâåçäà Ìåññèè" (Pesikita, fol. 58, c. 1, êóðñèâ äîáàâëåí). Ìàòôåé 3:2 â ïåðåâîäå Äæîçåôà Ñìèòà ãëàñèò: "ãäå Ìëàäåíåö ðîäèëñÿ, Ìåññèÿ Èóäåéñêèé? Èáî ìû âèäåëè çâåçäó Åãî íà âîñòîêå è ïðèøëè ïîêëîíèòüñÿ Åìó" (êóðñèâ äîáàâëåí). Èòàê, çâåçäà â âîñòî÷íîé ÷àñòè íåáà àññîöèèðîâàëàñü â äðåâíèå âðåìåíà ñ Ìåññèåé. Óòðåííÿÿ Çâåçäà ñèÿåò â âîñòî÷íîé ÷àñòè íåáà, íî íåëüçÿ ñêàçàòü, ÷òî Âèôëååìñêàÿ çâåçäà ýòî íåïðåìåííî Óòðåííÿÿ Çâåçäà. Òåì íå ìåíåå, ýòà îáùàÿ ñâÿçü ìîæåò îáúÿñíèòü, ïî÷åìó íåêîòîðûå ðàííèå õðèñòèàíå èçîáðàæàëè Âèôëååìñêóþ Çâåçäó â âèäå ïåðåâåðíóòîé ïÿòèêîíå÷íîé çâåçäû (ñèìâîë Âåíåðû).
16. Ñì. Ernst Lehner, Symbols, Signs, and Signets (New York: World Publishing, 1950), 107. Ïî÷åìó ðàííèå õðèñòèàíå ìîãëè ñâÿçûâàòü Èèñóñà Õðèñòà ñ ïÿòèêîíå÷íîé çâåçäîé? Ñïàñèòåëü íàçûâàë Ñåáÿ "çâåçäîé ñâåòëîé è óòðåííåé" (Îòê. 22:16), êîòîðàÿ åñòü ïëàíåòà Âåíåðà. "Ïåíòàãðàììà âíóòðè êðóãà… ìîæåò áûòü íàçâàíà êîìïîçèöèîííî-ïîðòðåòíûì ñèìâîëîì ïëàíåòû Âåíåðû. Ýòà ïëàíåòà ÿâëÿåòñÿ åäèíñòâåííîé â íàøåé ñèñòåìå, êîòîðóþ ìîæíî ÿñíî èäåíòèôèöèðîâàòü ñ ãðàôè÷åñêîé ñòðóêòóðîé îäíîçíà÷íî ïîëó÷åííîé èç âû÷åð÷èâàíèÿ åå àñòðîíîìè÷åñêèõ äâèæåíèé â ïðîñòðàíñòâå.… Åñëè êòî-òî çíàåò ýêëèïòèêó… è ìîæåò óòî÷íèòü òåêóùóþ ïîçèöèþ ïëàíåò â îòíîøåíèè ê ãðóïïàì ôèêñèðîâàííûõ çâåçä â çîäèàêå,… òî âîçìîæíî îáîçíà÷èòü òî÷íîå ìåñòî â 360 ãðàäóñàõ çàäèàêà, ãäå ïîÿâèòñÿ Óòðåííÿÿ Çâåçäà íåçàäîëãî äî âîñõîäà Ñîëíöà ïîñëå ïåðèîäà íåâèäèìîñòè. Åñëè ìû ìîæåì ýòî ñäåëàòü, ïîäîæäåì, êîãäà Óòðåííÿÿ Çâåçäà ñíîâà ïîÿâèòñÿ ÷åðåç 584 äíÿ (ñèíîäè÷åñêîå îðáèòàëüíîå âðåìÿ Âåíåðû), è îòìåòèì åå ïîëîæåíèå â çîäèàêå, à çàòåì ïîâòîðèì ýòîò ïðîöåññ, ïîêà íå áóäåì èìåòü ïÿòü ìåñò ïîÿâëåíèÿ Âåíåðû â êà÷åñòâå Óòðåííåé Çâåçäû, òî îáíàðóæèì, ÷òî ïðîéäåò ðîâíî âîñåìü ëåò è îäèí äåíü. Åñëè ìû çàòåì ïðîâåäåì ëèíèþ îò ïåðâîãî îòìå÷åííîãî ïóíêòà êî âòîðîìó, ïîòîì ê òðåòüåìó è òàê äàëåå, òî ó íàñ ïîëó÷èòñÿ ïåíòàãðàììà… 'Òîëüêî ïëàíåòà Âåíåðà ïðîõîäèò ïî çíàêó ïÿòèêîíå÷íîé çâåçäû. Íè îäíà èç íåèñ÷èñëèìûõ çâåçä íàä íàìè íå ìîæåò ñâîåé îðáèòîé âîñïðîèçâåñòè ýòîò çíàê… Áîëåå òîãî, òî÷êè ïåíòàãðàììû óêàçûâàþò íà ïÿòü ðàçëè÷íûõ çâåçäíûõ ñêîïëåíèé èëè ñîçâåçäèé… È òîëüêî ïîçæå áûëî îòêðûòî, ÷òî ýòè ïÿòü òî÷åê ìåäëåííî ïåðåäâèãàþòñÿ ïî íåáîñâîäó, áóäòî ñòðåëêè ãèãàíòñêèõ ÷àñîâ… Ïî ïðîøåñòâèè ÷åòûðåõëåòíåãî ïåðèîäà êàæäàÿ èç òî÷åê ïåíòàãðàììû ïåðåìåùàåòñÿ íà îäèí äåíü, íà îäíó 365 ÷àñòü çîäèàêàëüíîãî öèêëà… Ïîñëå 1460 ñîëíå÷íûõ ëåò ýòè 'ñòðåëêè' âîçâðàùàþòñÿ íà ñâîå èñõîäíîå ìåñòî'." [Carl G. Liungman, Dictionary of Symbols (Denver, Colorado: ABC-CLIO, 1991), 333-334]. Ýòà ïÿòèêîíå÷íàÿ çâåçäà áóäåò îêàçûâàòüñÿ ëèáî ïðÿìîé, ëèáî ïåðåâåðíóòîé, â çàâèñèìîñòè îò òîãî, êîãäà ÷åëîâåê íà÷àë íàáëþäàòü è çàðèñîâûâàòü ïîëîæåíèÿ Âåíåðû.
Äðóãîé, áîëåå êîðîòêèé ñïîñîá äîáðàòüñÿ äî óçîðà çâåçäû òàêîâ, êàê óêàçûâàåò òà æå öèòèðóåìàÿ íàìè êíèãà [28:23, ïÿòèóãîëüíèê]: "Åñëè êòî-òî îòìåòèò ïîëîæåíèå ïëàíåòû Âåíåðû â çîäèàêå, êîãäà îíà âïåðâûå ïîÿâëÿåòñÿ êàê Óòðåííÿÿ èëè Âå÷åðíÿÿ çâåçäà ïîñëå ïåðèîäà íåâèäèìîñòè, ïîäîæäåò çàòåì, ïîêà Âåíåðà íå èñ÷åçíåò ñíîâà, çàòåì ïîâòîðèò ïðîöåäóðó â ñëåäóþùèé ðàç, êîãäà Âåíåðà îïÿòü ïîÿâèòñÿ êàê Óòðåííÿÿ èëè Âå÷åðíÿÿ çâåçäà, è áóäåò äåëàòü ýòî â òå÷åíèå 1460 äíåé (òî åñòü ðîâíî ÷åòûðå ãîäà), à ïîòîì íàðèñóåò ëèíèþ ìåæäó âñåìè òåìè ïîëîæåíèÿìè - îò ïåðâîãî äî âòîðîãî è òàê äàëåå - òî íà ÷åðòåæå, êîãäà âñå òî÷êè ñîåäèíÿòñÿ, ïîëó÷èòñÿ ïðàâèëüíûé ïÿòèóãîëüíèê". Åñëè çàòåì ïðî÷åðòèòü ëèíèè, ñîåäèíÿþùèå êàæäóþ èç òî÷åê ïÿòèóãîëüíèêà ñ äðóãèìè, òî ñôîðìèðóåòñÿ ïÿòèóãîëüíàÿ çâåçäà.
Îòìåòüòå òàêæå, ÷òî åñëè êàæäóþ èç ñòîðîí ïðÿìîãî ïÿòèóãîëüíèêà ïðîäëèòü â îáîèõ íàïðàâëåíèÿõ íà ðàññòîÿíèå, ðàâíîå äëèíå ñòîðîíû, òîãäà ýòè ëèíèè ïåðåñåêàþòñÿ è îáðàçóþò ïåðåâåðíóòóþ çâåçäó.
17. Ñì. The Glory of the Old Testament, edited by Georgette Corcos (New York: Villard Books, 1984), 158.
18. Ñì. Hans R. Hahnloser, Villard de Honnecourt (Graz, Austria: Akademische Druk-u. Verlagsanstalt, 1972), plate #18; Theodore Bowie, The Sketchbook of Villard de Honnecourt (Bloomington, Indiana: Indiana University Press, 1959), 88-89.
19. Ñì. Martin Hurlimann, French Cathedrals (New York: Viking Press, 1967), 149; Roland Bechmann, Villard de Honnecourt (Paris: Picard, 1991), 334.
20. Ñì. Christian Norberg-Shulz, The Concept of Dwelling: On the Way to Figurative Architecture (New York: Rizzoli, 1985), 74.
21. Ñì. Revell Bible Dictionary (Old Tappan, New Jersey: Fleming H. Revell, 1990), 659; Gertrud Schiller, Iconography of Christian Art (Greenwich, Connecticut: New York Graphic Society, 1971), 1, plate 271.
22. Ñì. Yves Christe, et. al., Art of the Christian World, A.D. 200-1500: A Handbook of Styles and Forms (New York: Rizzoli, 1982), 346.
23. Ñì. Leonid Ouspensky and Vladimir Lossky, The Meaning of Icons (Boston, Massachusetts: Boston Book and Art Shop, 1952), 213; Engelina Smirnova, Moscow Icons: 14th-17th Centuries (Oxford: Phaidon, 1989), figure 121; V. N. Lazarev, Moscow School of Icon Painting (Moscow: Ishkusstvo, 1971), figures 25 and 48.
24. 2 Ïåòðà 1:19, êóðñèâ äîáàâëåí; ñì. òàêæå ÓèÇ. 131:5. Äæîçåô Ñìèò ñâÿçûâàë âîåäèíî èäåè "âîñõîæäåíèÿ óòðåííåé çâåçäû" â ÷üåì-òî ñåðäöå, ïîëó÷åíèÿ "âåðíåéøåãî ïðîðî÷åñêîãî ñëîâà" è äåëàíèÿ "òâåðäûì çâàíèå è èçáðàíèå" [The Words of Joseph Smith: The Contemporary Accounts of the Nauvoo Discourses of the Prophet Joseph, edited by Andrew F. Ehat and Lyndon W. Cook (Orem, Utah: Grandin Book, 1991), 207; ñðàâíèòå Bruce R. McConkie, Doctrinal New Testament Commentary (Salt Lake City: Bookcraft, 1973), 3:356.]
25. Ñì. Îòêðîâåíèå 2:26, 28.
26. Ñì. Ëåâèò 16:5, 7-10, 20-22.
27. Ýòà êíèãà íàçûâàëàñü Ó÷åíèå î Òðàíñöåäåíòàëüíîé Ìàãèè (The Doctrine of Transcendental Magic). Äëÿ èëëþñòðàöèè îáñóæäàåìîãî ñì. Eliphas Levi, Dogma et Rituel de la Haute Magie, ïåðåâåäåííóþ Arthur E. Waite (England: Rider and Co., 1896), vol. 1, "The Candidate," 2.
28. Ýòà êíèãà íàçûâàëàñü Ðèòóàëû Òðàíñöåíäåíòíîé Ìàãèè (The Ritual of Transcendental Magic). Òåêñò ñì. â Levi, Dogma et Rituel de la Haute Magie, 2:35-36. Ïåðâûå äâå êíèãè Àëüôîíñà áûëè èçäàíû âìåñòå, êàê åäèíûé òîì â 1856 ãîäó ïîä íàçûâàíèåì Transcendental Magic: Its Doctrine and Ritual, îäíàêî ýòîò êîìïëåêò íå áûë ïåðåâåäåí íà àíãëèéñêèé ÿçûê (Àðòóðîì Ýäâàðäîì Óýéòîì) äî 1896 ãîäà. Â 1910 ãîäó Óýéò è æåíùèíà ïî èìåíè Ïàìåëà Êîóëìàí Ñìèò (Pamela Coleman Smith) ïåðåðàáîòàëè èçîáðàæåíèå ñ êàðòû äüÿâîëà Ýëèôàñà Ëåâè, íàëîæèâ ïåíòàãðàììó íà ãîëîâó äüÿâîëà è óäëèíèâ åå íèæíèé ëó÷.
29. Ýòà êíèãà íàçûâàëàñü Êëþ÷ ê Âåëèêèì Òàéíàì (The Key of the Great Mysteries). Äëÿ èëëþñòðàöèè ñì. Eliphas Levi, La Clef des Grands Mysteres (Paris: La Diffusion Scientifique, 1976), 244. Â 1861 ãîäó Àëüôîíñ âòîðîé ðàç âèçóàëüíî ñâÿçàë ñàòàíó è ïåðåâåðíóòóþ çâåçäó, êîãäà îïóáëèêîâàë The Mysteries of the Qabalah. Äëÿ èëëþñòðàöèè ñì. Eliphas Levi, The Mysteries of the Qabalah (Wellingborough, Northamptonshire: Thorsons Publishers Ltd., 1974), 59.
30. Òîì Îãäåí (Tom Ogden), Wizards and Sorcerers: From Abracadabra to Zoroaster (New York: Facts On File, 1997), 172, êóðñèâ äîáàâëåí.
Ýòî èíòåðåñíî